Physical-unit interactions can order systems {self-organization}| {order for free}. Forces and interactions among individuals can result in complexes.
dissipative system
Open non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems input and output matter and energy. Examples are cells and organisms. Dissipative systems have no general laws. If systems have diverse elements that can interact to make new things in closed space, catalytic things can increase original reaction rates {autocatalytic system, self-organization}. System components can interact and organize into patterned subsystems by relaxation methods. Self-organization involves compensations and rearrangements among group parts. Interactions and patterns can cause groups to exhibit behavior not found in parts. Life exists between chaos and order, as at phase-transition boundary, because variation must not be too little or too much.
Systems that add matter and energy can be in states {self-organized criticality} in which catastrophe strikes large and small, in power-law relations.
3-Computer Science-Systems-Self-Organization
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Date Modified: 2022.0225